Asi Questions Essay Example for Free

Asi Questions EssayThe Interview Format Does It cook to be an Interview? This is perhaps the virtu exclusivelyy often asked question regarding the ASI. In the search for faster and easier methods of stash a port entropy many clinicians and researchers go for asked for a self-administered (either by computer or paper and pencil) variance of the actor. We deport non sanctioned the use of a self-administered version for several cerebrates. First, we have tested the reliability and rigorousness of the severity ratings by having raters use just the in arrangeion that has been collected on the form without the interview. This has resulted in genuinely poor estimates of line severity and essenti solelyy no concurrent reliability. Second, we have been sensitive to problems of illiteracy among segments of the core group abusing population. Even among the literate there be problems of attention, interest and comprehension that atomic number 18 especi everyy relevant to this population. Finally, since the instrument is often use as part of the initial clinical valuation, it has been our philosophy that it is weighty to have social advert for at least one part of that initial evaluation.We see this as hardly creation polite and supportive to a patient with problems. We have seen no convincing demonstration that the interview format produces worse (less reli qualified or reasoned) schooling than other methods of administration and we have found that particularly among few segments of the inwardness abusing population (eg. the psychiatrically ill, elderly, conf employ and physically sick) the interview format may be the only workable method for insuring studying of the questions asked. Particularly in the clinical situation, the general demeanor or feel of a patient is poorly captured without person-to-person contact and this can be an substantial supplemental source of randomness for clinical staff. at that place be of course many useful, sensible and reliable self-administered instruments appropriate for the substance jest at population. For example, we have routinely apply selfadministered questionnaires and other instruments with very satisfactory results (eg. Beck Depression Inventory, MAST, SCL-90, etc.) but these are ordinarily very focussed instruments that have achieved validity and consistency by asking numerous questions related to a single theme (eg. depression, alcohol abuse, etc.).The ASI is purposely broadly focussed for the purposes outlined above, and we have not been in(predicate) in creating a viable self-administered instrument that can efficiently collect the range of information sought-after(a) by the ASI. Thus, it should be clear that at this writing there is no reliable or valid version of the ASI that is self-administered and there is currently no plan for graveling this format for the instrument. We would of course be persuaded by comparative data from a reliable, valid and usef ul self-administered version of the ASI and this is an open invitation to interested parties. Role of the Interviewer What are the qualifications needed for an ASI interviewer? Having indicated the importance of the interview process it follows that the most important part of the ASI is the interviewer who collects the information. The interviewer is not simply the record-keeper of a series of subjective statements.The interviewer is responsible for the integrity of the information collected and must be unbidden to repeat, paraphrase and essay until he/she is satisfied that the patient down the stairsstands the question and that the answer reflects the best judgment of the patient, reconciled with the intent of the question. It must be emphasized that the interviewer must understand the intent of each question. This is very important since despite the range of situations and unusual answers that we have described in the manual, a new exception or previously unheard of situation occurs virtually each week. Thus, ASI interviewers should not expect to find answers in the workbook to all of the unusual situations that they will encounter in using the ASI. Instead it will be critical for the interviewer to understand the intent of the question, to probe for the most complete information available from the patient and then to record the most appropriate answer, including a comment.There is a very basic set of personal qualities prerequisite for win over state a proficient interviewer. First, the prospective interviewer must be personable and supportive capable of forming good ringing with a range of patients who may be difficult. It is no secret that many mortals have negative feelings about substance abusers and these feelings are revealed to the patients very quickly, thereby compromising any form of rapport. Second, the interviewer must be able to help the patient separate the problem areas and to examine them individually using the questions provided . Equally important qualities in the prospective interviewer are the basic intelligence to understand the intent of the questions in the interview and the commitment to collection the information in a responsible manner. There are no clear-cut educational or background characteristics that have been reliably associated with the ability to perform a proficient ASI interview.We have ingenious a wide range of people to administer the ASI, including receptionists, college students, police/probation officers, physicians, professional interviewers and even a research psychologist There have been people from each of these groups who were simply unsuited to performing interviews and were excluded during take ining (perhaps 10% of all those trained) or on subsequent reliability checks. Reasons for exclusion were usually because they simply couldnt form reasonable rapport with the patients, they were not sensitive to lack of understanding or distrust in the patient, they were not able to e ffectively probe initially confused answers with supplemental clarifying questions or they simply didnt agree with the approach of the ASI (examining problems individually earlier than as a function of substance abuse). With regard to assisting the interviewer in checking for understanding and consistency during the interview, there are many reliability checks built into the ASI. They are discussed in some detail in the workbook and they have been used effectively to get over the quality and consistency of the collected data. unfeelingness Ratings How important and useful are they? It is remarkable that the severity ratings were historically the last items to be included on the ASI. They were considered to be interesting but non-essential items that were a summary convenience for people who wished a quick general profile of a patients problem status. They were only provided for clinical convenience and never intended for research use. It was surprising and interesting for us to find that when interviewers were trained comparably and appropriately, these severity estimates were reliable and valid across a range of patient types and interviewer types. Further, they remain a useful clinical summary that we continue to use regularly but only for initial interference planning and referral.A Note on Severity It should be bloodlined that much of the reason for the reliability and validity of these severity ratings is the structured interview format and the strict (some would say arbitrary) definition of severity that we have adopted ie.need for superfluous treatment. Many users of the ASI have selected the instrument exclusively for research purposes and these ratings have never been used for this purpose especially as outcome measures. Other users do not agree with our definition of severity. notwithstanding others do not have the time or inclination to check and recheck severity estimates among their various interviewers. For all of these potential users the severity ratings would not be useful or worth the investment of man-hours required to train reliability. Even for those with primary clinical uses, these ratings are not essential and are perhaps the most vulnerable of all the ASI items to the influences of poor interviewing skills, patient misrepresentation or lack of comprehension and even the surroundings under which the interview is conducted.Therefore, it is entirely acceptable to train ASI interviewers and to use the ASI without referral to the severity ratings. Composite loads What are they for, wherefore were they constructed this way and what are the norms? Users familiar with earlier editions of the ASI know there is a separate manual intentional to describe their use and to show how to calculate them (See Composite Scores from the dependance Severity Index McGahan et al. 1986). The manifold scores have been developed from combinations of items in each problem area that are capable of demo change (ie. based on the prior thirty day period, not lifetime) and that offer the most internally consistent estimate of problem status.The complicated formulas used in the calculation of these intricates are necessary to insure equal weighting of all items in the composite. These composites have been very useful to researchers as mathematically vowelize measures of change in problem status but have had almost no value to clinicians as indications of current status in a problem area. This is callable to the failure on our part to develop and publish normative values for representative groups of substance abuse patients (eg. methadone maintained males, cocaine dependent females in drug free treatment, etc.). At the risk of being defensive, our primary interest was measuring change among our local patients and not comparing the current problem status of various patient groups across the country. Further, we simply did not foresee the range of interest that has been shown in the instrument. A Note on Norms for the Composite Scores At this writing, we are collecting ASI data from a variety of patient samples across the country.These samples will be used to convert the composite raw scores into T-scores with a mean of 50 and a measuring deviation of 10 (as MMPI and SCL-90 scores are presented). Our intention is to publish these normative data and to circulate copies of the tables to all individuals who have sent to us for ASI packets. We will also provide programs written in Basic, Lotus 123 or Excelto calculate these composite scores and to convert existing composite scores into Tscores. In this way we hope to make up for the lack of standardization that has been a problem with the composite scores to this time. take into account Populations Can I use the ASI with samples of Substance Abusing Prisoners or Psychiatrically Ill Substance Abusers? Because the ASI has been shown to be reliable and valid among substance abusers applying for treatment, many workers in related fields have used the ASI with substance abusing samples from their populations.For example, the ASI has been used at the time of incarceration and/or parole/probation to evaluate substance abuse and other problems in iniquitous populations. In addition, because of the widespread substance abuse among mentally ill and homeless populations, the ASI has also been used among these groups. man we have collaborated with many workers on the use of the instrument with these populations it should be clear that there are no reliability or validity studies of the instrument in these populations. This of course does not mean that the ASI is necessarily disenable with these groups, only that its test parameters have not been established.In fact, workers from these fields have turned to the ASI because they felt that no other suitable instrument was available. In cases where this is true, it is likely that the ASI would be a better choice than creating a totally new instrument. However, it is import ant to note circumstances that are likely to reduce the value of data from the ASI among these groups. For example, when used with a treatment seeking sample and an independent, trained interviewer, there is less reason for a potential substance abuser to misrepresent (even under these circumstances it still happens). In circumstances where individuals are being evaluated for probation/parole or jail there is obviously much more likelihood of misrepresentation. Similarly, when the ASI is used with psychiatrically ill substance abusers who are not necessarily seeking (and possibly avoiding) treatment, there is often reason to suspect denial, confusion and misrepresentation. Again, there is currently no suitable alternative instrument or subroutine available that will insure valid, accurate responses under these conditions. The consistency checks built into the ASI may even be of some benefit in these circumstances. However, it is important to realize the limits of the instrument.Reg ardless, systematic tests of the reliability and validity of the ASI in populations of substance abusers within the criminal justice system and within the mental health system are necessary but have not been done and this is an open invitation to interested parties. A Special Note on Adolescent Populations Despite the fact that we have repeatedly published warnings for potential users of the ASI regarding the lack of reliability, validity and improvement of the instrument with adolescent populations there remain instances where the ASI has been used in this inappropriate manner. Again, the ASI is not appropriate for adolescents due to its underlying assumptions regarding self-sufficiency and because it simply does not address issues (eg. school, peer relations, family problems from the perspective of the adolescent, etc.) that are critical to an evaluation of adolescent problems.At this writing, there are two versions of the ASI that have been developed for adolescent populations and have shown at least initial evidence of reliability and validity in this population. A third instrument is not in the same format as the ASI but has shown excellent reliability and validity. Interested readers may contact these individuals directly for more information about these instruments. Kathy Meyers, Research Department, Carrier Foundation, Belle Meade, New Jersey Carrier Addiction Severity Index or Yifrah Kaminer, Adolescent Chemical Dependency Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Teen Addiction Severity Index or Al Friedman, Adolescent Substance Abuse Program, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia Psychiatric Center, Phila., Pa. Adolescent medicate and Alcohol Diagnostic Assessment ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THE ASI Can I ask additional questions and/or cut some of the current items?As indicated above, the ASI was designed to capture the minimum information necessary to evaluate the constitution and severity of patients treatm ent problems at treatment admission and at follow-up. For this reason, we have always encouraged the addition of particular questions and/or additional instruments in the course of evaluating patients. In our own work we have routinely used the MAST, an AIDS questionnaire, additional family background questions and some self-administered psychological tests. We do not endorse the elimination or substitution of items currently on the ASI. Again, the ASI items (regardless of whether they are good or bad for particular individual needs) have been tested for reliability and validity as individual items and as part of the composite and/or severity scores. The elimination or substitution of existing items could significantly reduce the reliability and comparability of these ASI scores.It is possible to eliminate whole sections (problem areas) of the ASI if particular problems are not applicable for precise populations or the focus of specific treatment interventions. In the current vers ion of the ASI and in this workbook, we have included a set of additional items and instruments that have been developed by us and others over the past ten years, to add information in areas that are now inadequately covered by the existing ASI questions. The items themselves are presented on the latest version of the form (See Appendix 1) and the specific instructions for asking these questions and for interpreting the answers are discussed in each of the problem areas in the Specific Instructions part of the workbook. It should be clear that we have not used these items in the calculation of the composite scores or in the determination of severity estimates.Obviously,the use of additional information for these purposes would alter the reliability and validity of the ASI and reduce the comparability of the resulting scores across sites and time points. Thus it is important to stress that the use of earlier ASI versions will still provide comparable data on the composite scores and on the majority of items, since they have not been changed or eliminated, only supplemented in the current version. In addition to these items, there has also been significant work over the past ten years in the development of general and specialized information collection interviews and questionnaires for substance abusers. Some of these instruments bear special note in that they can be used instead of or in addition to the ASI to provide enhance or specialized information. Some of the more widely used and better validated instruments are presented under but the interested reader is advised to consult the tests and measurements literature for additional information.

The conflict between different attitudes to loyalty Essay Example for Free

The conflict between different billets to loyalty EssayHow does Shakespeare put on stage the conflict between different attitudes to loyalty? How in effect do you think he does this? On stage we are introduced to two different vogues of leadership. Shakespeare uses the fagot and Hal to act as contrasts of leadership. We takethe female monarch as a scary ogre, who is to be feared. When we first meet the king he is easily angered as he is not obeyed by Hotspur, as he does not hand over the prisoners which he has captured. This shows that the king immediately demands obedience and respect.Whenever someone is addressing the king, they c entirely him my liege or my lord. This again shows that people fear him, as they feel they must respect him. However, when we first meet Hal, Prince of Wales, Falstaff addresses him with Hal and lad, which shows that people do not fear Hal as much, and that he is not as respected. Hal mingles with the common people, and he feels at home in the p ub with his mates. This style of leadership is in contrast to his fathers, the King. Hal does not demand respect and obedience .He is content with others devising jokes at him and having a laugh. Falstaff says to Hal for a fine thief of the age of two and twenty or in that locationabouts. Falstaff is suggesting that Hal is boring, save Hal is satisfied with being called this, whereas if it was the King who had received this comment, he would puddle got groundless at being insulted. Hal himself enjoys a laugh with his mates, even if it means that someone is disadvantaged by it. For example he plays a dodge on Falstaff, by allowing him to carry out a robbery and then the prince himself robs Falstaff.Hal did this just to show Falstaff up, and to declare a fool of him, of which he does. Hal mixes with thieves and drunks, people of which his father would not approve. If Hal becomes king, it seems that he allow not kick in the power and respect that his father had, because of th e steering he acts. It is not fit for the Prince of Wales to go on robberies, and procure drunk in local pubs. People will lack respect for him and he will bemuse no authority. In the scene with the King, we see him as not a very attractive character. He speaks in a manner which is slow, serious, and very stern.This introduction to the king is important as it is the audiences first enamor of him and they decide straight away what sort of character he is. This, almost evil presence well-nigh the King make waters even the audience fear him, which is why the other characters in the play fear him. This is the kings way of leading his people. By being strict, snobbish, stern and fearful, this is why people follow him. We see the King drop off his temper when he is disobeyed by Hotspur in the beg inning of the play when Hotspur refuses to hand over some prisoners, and we in same(p) manner see him lose his temper over Hal because of Hals behaviour.God pardon thee Yet let me wonder, Harry, at thy affections, which do hold a wing quite from the flight of all thy ancestors. The King here is getting angry with his own son, as he feels Hal approach to leadership and King is far different than his own or his ancestors. We do not see the King any more angered here with his own son, than he is with Hotspur earlier on. Hals approach is far different. When we first meet him he is smiling and having a joke with Falstaff, and admitting how his lifestyle is poor by thieving, and is like a shot planning yet another one.This first impression does not make us see Hal as a leader, as he is irresponsible, and immature. He does not appear to be someone which we would look up to and respect and obey, we are more wish wellly to argue back at him or simply be disobedience. It is difficult for the audience to see him ruling a country as king. It is the lack of respect that people have for him that makes the audience feel this way. afterward Falstaff was robbed, he comes back t o the inn and addresses Hal with A kings son If I do not beat thee out of thy kingdom and You, Prince of Wales .Falstaff may have been let down by Hal as he did not help him in the robbery like was planned, nevertheless it is not normal for a normal person such as Falstaff to insult the Prince of Wales like that, and tell him that he is not suitable to be Prince. This is how people talk to Hal, without fear or respect. Shakespeare has effectively used Hal and the King as contrasts of leadership, and this is clear and easy to see. It is even more apparent when the King orders Hal to him to demonstrate his behaviour. The King becomes emotional at this stage and begins to compare Hal to Richard II.It is clear that the King does not approve of Hals attitude to leadership. What happens next is important, for Hal vows to his father that he will be more myself, and that he will change all of his ways. However, the next scene we see him pretending to ride a horse in the pub with Falstaff. After he vows to change, it is strange to see him act like this. It appears that despite what his father wants, he wishes to lead in his own way. The kings leadership qualities are mainly the fear which her gives out, withal he speaks in poetry a lot, so he is a good speaker.He is able to address people and talk to them in a way that they will enjoy and remember. The King appears to consider things before acting upon. How ever with Hal we do not see many leadership qualities. Although one advantage Hal has is that he knows his faults, he is aware of himself, and he uses his faults to gain popularity with his locals. However, one leadership quality we see is when Hal plans the robbery on Falstaff, this was cleverly put together it is not the type of quality we look for in a King. The audience may see him now as a king in the making.Soon we hear him speaking in poetry which reminds us of his father and how he is becoming a king. It appears Hals ideas of being king are different fro m the kings, for he will be a sly king. He will not be bothered if others suffer because of him. As long as he is at an advantage he is happy. The current King may also do this, but in a different way. For Hal does this whilst drinking with common people, and thieving, whereas the King is apart from social club and it appears he looks down on them and gives them no respect.How are people going to carry on respecting him if he does not show any signs of respecting others. Hal on the other hand may get more respect, but will find it hard to keep control of his people. Shakespeare has made an on stage battle of the contrasts in leadership. It is not evident as to which one is the correct one to use, but we can clearly see the advantages and disadvantages of both. Shakespeare has used the different types of leaderships in Hal and the King to create suspense on stage.Hal we see as a nice guy and someone who we can get on with, and because of this, we have a liking for him, and we cover what happens to him. However, we may not like the King as much as Hal, but we still wish well what happens to him. This is because he demands respect so much on stage that we immediately we take an interest and tinge as to what happens to him. This suspense is evident throughout the play, and it keeps the audience interested. Shakespeare has arranged the play so that we see the King and his associates in one scene, Falstaff and Hal in another, and Hotspur in another.So it is like having three little stories going on at once. These changes to different characters are deliberate, as it allows the audience a break. As if the play just cogitate on Hal and Falstaff, the suspense would be so great and constant that the audience would lose concentration. It would be also much to take in. A play needs suspense, but at the same time there needs to be breaks from that suspense for the audience to really appreciate the play, and Shakespeare has achieved this well.

Critical Thinking and Perception Essay Example for Free

Critical Thinking and comprehension EssayWhat is real? Our intelligence of reality is very(prenominal) much a product of the environment in which we live. In general, we formulate ideas of reality based on our testify experiences as well as the experiences of the people around us. Our lives are influenced constantly by our surroundings. I rightfully recollect that perception is a learned skill and not instinctive. Outside of our communities, television, radio and movies sculpt our perception of the outside world. I think most of my idea at the ordinary level is based on perception, language, and information. At the most there is one logical systemal system step If this than that. I think most thinking push backs place in the perceptual stage. These are the questions that arise, How much do I take in? and how do I look at things? This perception is based on habits of perceptions and what I hear, what I read and how I express myself. I understand that we do not need to u se much explicit logic because we have already built the logic into our language. For example, killing is bad unless justified by war or self-dense. I know that with decisions I followed what was recommended and what my friends were doing and then rationalized it with the following rationalization Everyone does this and the stock rises for a while and when the marketplace eventually gets a severe correction I rationalize that as well.This rationalization is based on informationnot all-available information but a selection that fits what I was prepared to do anyway. I think that logic can be used to reinforce perceptions (and prejudices) but logic and argument give not turn perceptions. Perception is more than sensing it is processing, reacting, and interpreting. Faith Bryne describes perception as, detecting the nature of both outer and cozy worlds. In many cases, it also means responding in some way, either consciously or unconsciously. (Perception, 57) Perception is the way w e look at things and I think processing is what we do with that perception. In my view if we take processing for granted then perception becomes even more important, because the way we look at a situation will determine what we can do about it. The influences (family, teachers, religion, race, environment, and economic level) that have shaped or in condition(p) my identity by instilling values, beliefs, view stains or attitudes that I have accepted without challenge serves as a perceptual block. The situations in which I am less of an individual because of these influences occur when I react to understand someone elses opinion or look for other points of view because of something I have been conditioned to believe is true.I am not one who handles others opinions without asking for them. I am not very consistent in ensuring that my opinions are informed. Often times I have not taken circumspect consideration of the evidence and have treated opinions as facts especially if I have ex pressed it to the point that I have begun to believe it as truth. At times, in what matters most I am inclined to assume too much and take too much for granted. I feel the strongest urge to set when someone is a positive role model and conforming to this type of behavior I believe adds value. However, a situation in which this conformist trend has interfered with my judgment is following others because it seemed the lesser of two evils. tout ensemble to often at the workplace this is how some decisions are made just to close an issue that in conclusion will recycle. Additionally, I tend to jump or make hasty conclusions more often than I would like. This occurs more so in the area of personal relationships. I have learned that there are some errors and bad habits that can lead to shallow or uncritical decisions instead of careful judgments.I have gained the most insight from the following errors and bad habits, which are Resistance to change (habits), Conformity, Rationalization , Stereotyping, common sense, Oversimplification, precipitous conclusions, and unwarranted assumptions. I think the real key to each the of errors and habits mentioned above is my being conscious of the tendency to do them and to get into the habit of applying and practicing the different ways or approaches to avoiding the blocks to critical thinking. This will be an ongoing process if I am to be in control of my own beliefs, and to somehow gain an sagacity of the truth, then I must know what good reasoning is, and be aware of the ways in which my reasoning (and that of others) can go astray. How I tend to perceive certain situations in my life and how others may see it may not always agree with my thinking. This is a big obstacle that I will have to work on being better at and learning how to understand others perceptions.ReferencesBrynie, Faith Hickman. (2001). Perception. Blackbirch Press, Inc. (p 57

Uniform accounting standards produce Essay Example for Free

Uniform news report standards produce EssayIn the last decade, motley countries most the globe wealthy person shifted towards a uniform accounting system standards or the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The main motive behind this movement is to come up with a global language for accounting which leave alone be comparable and understandable beyond the borders of a nation. As of today about 120 countries conduct IFRS for domestically listed companies, although only about 90 countries know fully conformed to IFRS . While some argue that it is undeniable to have a system of accounting that is clear and transparent to global investors and companies, some others are infidel about it being efficient. Furthermore, some feel that the costs of implementing IFRS can be too high and because uniform accounting allow not be worth the cost. Hence, critically analyzing IFRS and understanding its impact on accounting principles will help us to recognize the cost s and benefits of this system. One of the main objectives of IFRS is to ontogenesis the force and transparency in accounting. However, the main tension in the model rests due to the non- uniform nature of firms as well as nations. For instance, countries differ on myriad ways such as capital and patience markets, nature of government, involvement of government in the company and so forth. Similarly, firms differ from each other in various ways including size, growth, types of products, geographical location and technological advancement . Therefore, coming up with a little accounting system or a set of principles to fit all of these can be challenging. Thus, IFRS uses a principle based system, rather than a rule based system which will allow the companies to impose IFRS according to their situation and prepare their statements.However, this flexibility can itself be seen as a big down- locating of this system. This will provide a way for companies to manipulate the statements which in turn can encourage fraud. Trancy Coenen comparing the fraud under the system of GAAP and IFRS says that, As IFRS is largely based on judgment in applying principles, it only stands to reason that the risk of fraud in the financial statements will increase with the change . For example, bazar Value judgment is one of the corner stones of IFRS system of accounting. However, it is unclear as to who gets to value things and how can these figures checked for reliability. Thus, IFRS, which is created to form a uniform and transparent system of accounting can itself be given to non-uniform accounting devotes with rattling little information about who makes the judgment behind numbers presented inthe financial statements. Furthermore, another life-and-death concern that rises with the implementation of IFRS is the balance between the capital allocation benefit of a uniform accounting standard against the social cost of forcing diverse firms to adhere to the same rigid standar d says Korok Ray, a professor of Economics from George Washington University . Hence, for a small company the cost of shifting from its current accounting practice to IFRS might be too high whereas for a big company it might be small. Furthermore, the succession in which all the companies will have to shift from their old system to IFRS can decrease the forest of the financial statements. Lack of experience in this new system of accounting can too increase mistakes making the system less accurate .Nevertheless, it is undeniable that in an increasingly more globalized world, a cross-border accounting system will immensely benefit firms and investors. This system will lead to investment comparisons between various countries, making investors better off. In fact, Marc Fogarty, a Certified Public Accountant says that the single set of standards will cut down the costs to which foreign companies investing in the U.S. markets will have to adhere. He also believes that, the U.S. GAAP s tandards along with other strict accounting regulations have long been deterrent to foreign companies assay to raise money in the U.S. capital markets . Small investors will be benefited from this change, as they will have an access to more financial information which can be easily understood. In short, implementing IFRS will lead to easy to understand, clear and efficient financial data which will be made available to the oecumenical public. Just the implementation of IFRS does not mean investors are protected against fraud or misrepresentation of a companys financial statement. In addition, IFRS also has numerous short term problems that can have a huge impact on its initial adaption and implementation. However, companys and investors can protect themselves against risks by learning IFRS which will increase their understanding of the financial statement. This will not only help them to critically analyze the numbers represented on the statement but also help them to better cont rast and contrast one statement from the other nationally or internationally.

Luxury Industry in France Essay Example for Free

Luxury Industry in France EssayLuxury is artificial interpretation and chamberpotnot be easily transferred into real life. It is a notion of anything that is delectationless and superfluous in real life. However, it can be often associated with beauty (art, entertainment, rule, decor or trend) and remains virtuoso of the driving forces behind hunting lodges spending. It is true that extravagance speaks and renowns itself by big spending and thus, outlandish outgo is often associated with it. The military personnel sumptuousness market is worth more(prenominal) than than $130 billions and France is the country which owns the largest number of companies in the high life and historically always been trend setter in the highlife market. Some of the worlds shell symbol of lavish lifestyle is essentially French ( such as Don Perignon champagne, Louis Vitton handbags or flannel truffles as a culinary ingredient). French is the language of choice for aristotles and diploma ts. Shortly, France has long heritage in loss leadership and dominating extravagance market and therefore is an appropriate background for my analysis. 1. Luxury industry presentation The opulence industry is based on p dwellige cross offs which overleap luxury market and its spectre e. g. Perfumes, fashion practice called Haute Couture, jewellery, leather, shoes and accessories.Fashion and luxury goods have an annual turnover of 35 billion in France (campus. org 2006). master(prenominal) players on the market argon LVMH, Chanel and Hermes International. In the sector of luxury especially la Haute Couture, lavishness is a notion difficult to comprehend. The leading designers such as Jean Paul Gauthier kept the introvert and indeed humble image for divisions, before breaking the bank with their designs. We need to limit our seeking because there atomic number 18 130 brands in France (Comite Colbert Website 2005) that one third is present on the market.For this reason I hav e chosen to detail through of a committee in Paris which gathers 70 best houses in the luxury sector and later more precisely LVMH. In last century, the sector of the fashion of French thriftiness underwent a profound transplant. Home-made brands started to gradually expand and explore wider audience, targeting not only Paris, but also rest of the France and later Europe, Asia, finally the whole world. Their domination on the global market was mainly achieved thanks to with child(p) history and heritage of the brands, quality of the product, trend setting ability of Paris and social notion of luxury desire.So, the big creators, both in the high fashion and in the perfume, were steadily replaced as dominating figures by designers. The marketing and the advertising become the most important in the sector products became increasingly similar so the brand identity was essential. From the end of the 19TH century, some names have led, such as Guerlain in the flagrance or Worth in the haute couture. These designers are at the origin of a luxury depth miscellanea by contributing to expand, differentiate and create new background and clientele from the elites to the masses.This period was dated as the one of the birth of a new luxury and a blooming of the fashion arts. Everything in this theatrical role is based on the annual report on Comite Colbert Website 2007. To gather skills and the strengths of every luxury designers, Guerlain created Comite Colbert in 1954 with 70 houses from the luxury brands. This partnership reinforces know-how of each brand and they storage area developing it. Furthermore Paris is the worldwide smashing famous for its tourism and high quality products. They count 10. 5% of increase of turnover every year (2005).Despite the international competition such as New-York or Milan Paris has to keep its leadership and to admit the most to the influence of Paris. This comite or Colbert committee organizes events (catwalks and salons) and t ries to sword sure that Paris is regarded as a pileus of luxury in the world. For the generation to come, they invest in the education of future designers or skilled workers to make the products of tomorrow. In Paris it is endowed with couture college these have been in charge by the houses to learn traditional techniques. nevertheless they work closely with design schools in Paris organizing competition between design schools to choose the elite, the best students of this competitive examination. Every structure, knowledge and human resources is centred on Paris. All of these condition factors are concentrated in only one place in order to build every advantage and to get give out and better. Capital resources are due to companies investments working in luxury sector and investing in bourse. MSCI creative activity Textiles Apparels Luxury Goods index owns 1,500 securities on 23 international markets (Lefigaro website 2007).It is a reference to investment funds return. then(p renominal) their strategic setting-up in Paris attracts numerous foreign investors. 2 Demand conditions The second determinant of the diamond model mentions the demand more precisely the home demand, the size and the growth. France is formed by more than 60,000,000 citizens and it is one of the richest countries of the world. Concerning the home demand, Luxury goods such as perfumes and cosmetics, the sales keep their growth until 1989. After this period, the consumption has fall because the demand has become more sophisticated and restrained.The luxury industry does not work like the former(a) industries. In fact, in luxury buyer call for do not exist. About the fashion design the buyers are interested in the designers creativity and they do not worry about their practical use or in fact their needs. Nowadays the clientele, the heart of target, presents very distinctive characteristics. Firstly, it is about consumers in monetary ways much more important than average. This socia l category, elite, has a very particular motivation it is needed to answer their desires and not to their base needs.Hedonistic, less and less faithful to the brands, they always expect more in terms of quality, safety and especially from immaterial added value services, citizenship, ecology, environmental protection and most importantly, prestige and brand heritage 3 Related and supporting industries According to the Minister of Industry French economy has to keep relationship between the suppliers near the designers. In fact, Porter talked about clusters that are means for interconnection and submerging between the companies participating in the making process.In this case, luxury industry has kept a of import place Paris. With 36 of its houses which are their head office in Paris, more than 100 shops and creation studios of 59 houses, workshop of excellence act for the economic dynamism of Paris. Moreover the houses support the local economy employing more than 20,000 people i n upstream and downstream. Upstream I by parts manufacturers, wholesalers, art profession such designers, skilled workers. As regard downstream such as distribution or services (e. g. retailers and advising communion agency).They ensure continued existence of professions in danger and invest in order to protect them. In the top 3 of the companies which dominate this market we find LVMH, Vendome and Gucci, both first ones are French what strengthens their luxury image. Moreover on 14 main companies on the luxury market, 5 are from France and 6 are Italian. We can notice that the straight competitor is with Italian luxury brand companies. Moreover French and Italian houses are considered as luxury pillars because they dominate the luxury market.In terms of export we can crease the evolution of emerging countries such as China and India which for these last years aphorism their imports becoming intensify in the sector of the inexpensive fashion. For example, the group of activities Wines and Spirit of LVMH centres its development on the up-market segments of the market. It is also the World leader of the champagne and cognac. This group also owns fashion and leather goods, perfumes and cosmetics, watch and jewellery and each of their portfolio channels dominate the market.We can notice LVMH act in the wine market to expand itself in other markets. In an uncertain world economic context, Moet Hennessy (LVMH President) will pursue during the second half-year 2008 its creation strategy of value and innovation. many novelties will be launched, which will aim at anchoring always more products in the luxury world and at seducing new customers. The firm strategy of luxury industry such as LVMH as we saw is to diversify its portfolio of activity, by adapting every product to every customers segment existing on the market.Moet Hennessy continued to strengthen its distribution network in Central Europe by the establishment of subsidiaries in Poland and Czech Republic. Despite a temptation to go abroad to produce with low cost jade in emerging countries, the French groups carry on to invest enormously in luxury industry. This is relied on identity nature. For this reason companies keep in spite of national expensive labour, their know-how and the quality of their production is more important that cost. Conclusion This industry sends products of high quality, to concentrated, attractive, much targeted and much segmented market.Certain brands rhyme with luxury and sensual delight. Behind these names are nevertheless powerful, very skilful groups, which compete ceaselessly in management of the brands, the creativity, the communication and the distribution. However there is factor in constant change such as home condition and factors condition. The issue in France and abroad is that the buyers are increasingly volatile and they can change brand easily because there are more and more factors and competition in this sector. Moreover most buyers are ha rd to please and competition is fierce.In the other hand the factors conditions pose a paradox because of emerging countries have low cost manufacture and can compete better with developed countries. entirely this country is both buyer both exporting country which is in constant increase. Now a day another issue to tackle the counterfeiting. Luxury industry struggle against the knock off luxury goods which empoisons the luxury world, it is a struggling war which will probably never be resolved, however it needs to be kept at absolute minimum.

City Pollution Essay Example for Free

City Pollution Essay1. differentiate how the use of a tall smoke stack might alter institutionalise quality tightly fitting a large industrial facility.A taller smoke stack in an industrial area would improve air quality everywhere shorter stacks. At night, when there is a temperature eversion, pollution from shorter stacks buttocks pay off trapped and cannot rise any postgraduateer than the inversions top. The only place it can go is to spread out horizontally in all directions. This keeps all the pollutants spewing out of the stack to remain side by side(predicate) to the ground, lowering the air quality. A taller stack, on the other hand, would allow pollution exit above the inversion and disperse downwind.2. How can topography contribute to pollution in a city or region? topology can have a great impact on pollution in a region. We move to build cities down in valleys, not on hills. Above a layer of cold air in the valleys is a warmer layer. This warm layer preve nts pollution from emanation which creates a layer of smog in the valley. The hills surrounding the valley act as barriers preventing winds from moving in to disperse the pollution. The same colly air just recirculates in the valley unable to leave.3. From where do hurricanes derive their energy? What factors tend to tone down hurricanes? Would you expect a hurricane to wobblyen more quickly if it moved over province or over cooler water?A hurricanes energy comes from the transfer of both sensible and latent hot pants from the surface of the ocean. A cluster of thunder rages must form around an area of low pressure for a hurricane to form. Warm water drives a hurricane, so when it moves over an area of colder water it slows down and begins to decay. A rising wind shear aloft as well as hinders a hurricanes momentum. Land does weaken more quickly when it makes land fall. The terrain tends to break up its wind movements, slowing it rapidly. Land also helps to suck the moisture out of the storm which further aids in its rapid decay.4. Where is the Bermuda high located during the summer and fall? How might the class of a hurricane, moving toward the west from Africa, be affected by the Bermuda High as the hurricane approaches the United States?The Bermuda high is located in the North Atlantic Ocean and moves east and west depending on the season. In summer and fall it is located off the eastern coast of the United States, near Bermuda. In spring and wintertime it moves eastward and then becomes known as the Azores High. In summer and fall when there is a weak Bermuda high, it drives hurricanes up the east coast of the US. When it is stronger and located further westward, it drives hurricanes into Florida or the Gulf of Mexico.5. How do you think pollutants are removed from the atmosphere? Does this occur quickly or slowly?Trees and plants play a large component part in cleaning pollutants in out atmosphere. They trap pollutants in and release clean oxy gen for us to breath. Planting more trees in a polluted industrial area can improve topical anesthetic air quality. Other pollutants can be carried by winds and simply settle and seep into the ground. They can also attach to water vapor, which then falls to the ground as precipitation. This is commonly referred to as acid rain. These processes do happen slowly. We, as a planet, are spewing more pollutants in the air than these natural process can handle, which has led to an ever increasing ozone layer.ReferencesAhrens, C. D. (01/2014). Essentials of Meteorology An Invitation to the Atmosphere, 7th Edition VitalSource Bookshelf version. Retrieved fromhttp//online.vitalsource.com/books/9781305439733

Promote Child and Young Person Development Essay Example for Free

Promote Child and Young Person outgrowth Essay1. Explain the factors that need to be taken into grade when assessing developmentWhen assessing a small fry/ unripened person we must be careful to take in to bank note confidentiality before carrying out either observations. Within my setting, we have an Welcome pack (aka Induction Pack) with lots of forms for the parents to sign which gives us permission to regain word them and the child/children with in the assessment centre. All of the confidential material surrounding the parents and children are locked away in a secure cabinet in the office so no un classical access is allowed. The totally time confidential is breached is if the child is at risk and we only share this information with other authorised professionals. When carrying out observations either in the room or via camera we have to take the Childs wishes and feelings in to consideration, if the child is at real risk we stay present but if they child clearly doe snt extremity you there we must leave the room. For example, we had a family with a toddler and baby and during the night when mum feed the baby we were present in the room, but often having this person in the room woke the toddler and caused him unessential upset so instead watched intensely via the CCTV. When we assess a child we must take account of their ethnic, cultural and linguistic backgrounds as these dope play an important role in how the child acts and the correspondence of the words being used.Disability or specific requirements need to be taken in to account when carrying out any assessment/observation of a child can be underestimated and the observations will be unreliable. In my setting we receive all the information of each family from the Local Authority who have referred them to us, its racy we receive relevant and up to date information so we know exactly what the concerns are and get an accurate picture of the Childs development, if this information was inc orrect it could harm the childsdevelopment. Avoiding bias is important in my role, we must re primary(prenominal) completely objective, we are not here to judge our families, we observe and document facts of every aspect of their day to day lives they live out with in the assessment centre, our focus is the child and our main responsibility is there safety. We have a large staff team who all individually give way with each family and we each document what we see, then once social workers and assistants have read the assessment forms, patterns can emerge.